NixOS as a desktop/zh: Difference between revisions

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NixOS可以用于~~许多目的.~~ ~~如果你想把它用~~作~~你的日常~~主要桌面~~操作系统(~~在~~实体机上或者作为副~~虚拟机~~), 那么你应该看看这个页面. 即使你是想把NixOS~~用在云端或~~者是经过特殊配置的~~服务器上, 你也可能会想从这里概述的课程开始, 以~~便从整体~~上~~对Nix生态有~~更好的了解.

[[Special:MyLanguage/NixOS|NixOS]] 是一款功能多样的操作系统，适用于各种用例。本文面向希望将 NixOS 作为主要桌面环境（无论是在物理硬件还是虚拟机中）的用户。此外，计划在 [[NixOS friendly hosters|云端]] 环境或专用服务器基础架构上部署 NixOS 的用户，可能会发现从这里介绍的概念和实践开始会很有帮助，因为它们为在更广泛的 [[Special:MyLanguage/Nix ecosystem|Nix 生态系统]] 中工作奠定了有益的基础。

== 安装 ==

如果你倾向于阅读, 请从[[NixOS Installation Guide|NixOS安装指南]]开始. 如果你想选择一个精良的视频教程, 请见下一条. 请记住, 为了安装一个桌面, 你需要确定一开始有至少30GiB的可用硬盘空间来容纳桌面环境(比如说, GNOME, KDE, 或者是XFCE), 浏览器(比如Firefox), 以及其他带有图形界面的典型日用软件(如VSCode). 对于相对简陋的配置, 15GiB可能够用.

</div>

== 管理你的配置 ==

你可以使用[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS官方手册]中记录的方式来管理你的所有配置. 然而, 大部分在桌面上使用NixOS的社区成员更喜欢使用[[Home Manager]]来管理他们的配置(比如"点文件")(citation needed). Home Manager是一个面向用户的工具, 用于声明你想安装什么, 以及你想如何配置它. 对于大部分设置, 如果你不使用Home Manager的话, 你就要把它们放入[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix], 或者使用[[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix.3F|nix-env]].

</div>

== ~~Installation ==~~

The process for managing your configuration is documented in the {{NixOS Manual|name=NixOS official manual|anchor=#ch-configuration}}.

</div>

=== ~~Wiki method~~ ===

=== System Configuration ===

</div>

~~If you prefer reading, see [[~~NixOS Installation Guide]] to get started. For a well presented video option, see video guide section immediately below. Keep in mind that, for a desktop installation, you will probably want to make sure you start with at least 30 GiB of available disk space to allow for the desktop environments (e.g. GNOME, KDE, or XFCE), browsers (e.g. Firefox), and other graphical applications (e.g. VSCode) that would be typical of daily use. 15 GiB might be enough in a pinch for a fairly bare-bones setup.

</div>

~~=== Video guide ===~~

The primary configuration file, <code>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</code>, defines system-wide settings. This includes options like enabling services, managing system users, setting hardware options, and specifying installed packages. Changes are applied with:

</div>

~~For a visual guide, see [[Wil T Nix Guides]]. The [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides~~#~~NixOS_Installation_Guide|second video]] is a concise installation guide. This 8~~-~~part series, produced in early 2021, also covers all the basics of using NixOS as a desktop and configuring it to your liking.~~

# nixos-rebuild switch

</syntaxhighlight>

</div>

== ~~Managing your~~ configuration ==

=== User configuration with Home Manager ===

</div>

It is possible to manage your entire configuration using the methods documented in the [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS official manual]. However, most community members who use NixOS on the desktop prefer to manage their user configurations ~~(e.g. "~~dotfiles~~") using~~ [[Home Manager]] ~~(citation needed)~~. ~~Home Manager is a user oriented tool for declaring what you want~~ installed and how ~~you want it~~ configured, ~~and thus would be used~~ in ~~lieu of most settings you would otherwise put into a~~ [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix] ~~or through [[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix~~.~~3F|nix-env]]~~

For managing per-user configurations such as application preferences, command-line tools, and dotfiles, [[Home Manager]] provides a convenient, declarative approach. It allows users to define which programs should be installed and how they should be configured, without needing to include those settings in the system-wide [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix].

</div>

=== ~~Video guide~~ ===

Home Manager can be used independently of the system configuration and works with both traditional setups and newer [[Flakes]]-based configurations.

</div>

=== 通过Flakes ===

如果你想要可组合性<sup>[citation needed]</sup>更强的NixOS配置设定, 仍在实验阶段的[[Flakes]]特性正在使社区感到十分兴奋. 管理flakes需要对Nix生态有良好的基本理解和一些已有的实践经验.

</div>

~~Wil T's guides are about an even mix of:~~

Refer to [[NixOS system configuration#Defining NixOS as a flake]] for details on getting started.

# ~~Hands-~~on ~~bootstrapping to get to being able to very capably manage your system using Home Manager, git versioning, and eventually Flakes~~.

</div>

~~# Conceptual overviews and general exposition of the Nix ecosystem, community~~, ~~and available resources~~.

== 在初始设置之外 ==

在你熟悉了Nix生态并安装了一个功能性的NixOS桌面后, 你可能会想了解定制化和更细化的设置.

</div>

~~The [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#NixOS_Installation_Guide|second video]], starting from about 27 minutes in, is also an introduction to and guide to setting up Home Manager.~~

Common configuration areas include:

</div>

== ~~Modularizing your configuration~~ ==

==== Desktop Environments ====

</div>

~~=== With NixOS Modules ===~~

Install and configure full-featured environments such as [[GNOME]], [[KDE Plasma]], or [[Xfce]].

</div>

~~configuration.nix is an instance of a~~ [[~~NixOS modules|NixOS module~~]]~~, which makes it easy to break your configuration into several files~~. ~~Modules can:~~

See [[:Category:Desktop environment]] for a full list.

</div>

* Import other modules

==== Window Managers ====

* Declare new options

* Provide values for options (this is what most of your default configuration.nix does)

* Reference option values from other modules (via the <code>config</code> attribute passed to all modules)

</div>

~~As long as you declare options for any values you want to share between modules, you can divide your configuration however you~~ like ~~into files that get imported~~, ~~directly or transitively, by your root configuration.nix file. You can also import modules from remote sources~~, ~~using functions like <code>builtins.fetchTarball</code>. See the~~ [[~~NixOS modules|wiki page~~]] or ~~the~~ [~~https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-writing-modules NixOS manual~~] ~~for more information~~.

Set up lightweight or tiling window managers like [[i3]], [[Sway]], [[Hyprland]], or [[xmonad]].

</div>

~~=== With Flakes ===~~

See [[:Category:Window managers]] for a full list.

</div>

~~If you want a more composable~~<~~sup~~>[~~citation needed~~]~~</sup> NixOS configuration setup~~, ~~the still-experimental~~ [[~~Flakes~~]] ~~feature is causing a lot of excitement in the community. Managing flakes requires a good basic understanding and some existing hands on experience with the Nix ecosystem~~.

==== Display Managers (Login Managers) ====

</div>

Configure graphical session managers such as [[Gnome|GDM]], [[KDE|SDDM]], or [[LightDM]].

</div>

==== ~~Video guide~~ ====

==== Audio Setup ====

</div>

~~Videos~~ [[~~Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Intro_to_Flakes~~|~~seven~~]] ~~and~~ [[~~Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Moving_NixOS_System_Configuration_into_a_Flake|eight~~]] ~~of Wil T's original 8-part series are a good overview of what Flakes enable and how to get started with them~~.

Enable and configure [[:Category:Audio|audio]] systems like [[PipeWire]], [[PulseAudio]], or [[ALSA]].

</div>

== ~~Beyond initial setup~~ ==

==== Network Management ====

</div>

~~After you are familiar with the Nix ecosystem and have a functional desktop install of NixOS, you will likely be interested in customizations and more detailed setup~~.

Use tools such as [[NetworkManager]] or [[systemd-networkd]] for managing [[Networking|network]] connections.

</div>

=== ~~Learn by example~~ ===

==== Bluetooth Support ====

</div>

~~If you are comfortable managing your system through a git repo using flakes, then there are many repositories you can learn from now!~~

Set up [[Bluetooth]] with blueman or other management tools.

</div>

~~Check out [[Comparison of NixOS setups]] for a table comparing some popular choices.~~

==== Power Management ====

</div>

~~See~~ [[~~Configuration Collection~~]] ~~for a long list within the wiki~~.

Configure [[laptop]] [[Power Management|battery management]], suspend, and hibernation with tools like [[Laptop#tlp|tlp]] or [[systemd]] services.

</div>

~~Additionally, the following topic searches on Github should uncover many useful examples.~~

==== Printing and Scanning ====

* [https:/~~/github.com/topics/nix~~-~~flake nix~~-~~flake~~]

</div>

* [https://~~github.com~~/~~topics/nixos-~~configuration ~~nixos-~~configuration]

* [https:/~~/github.com/topics/nixos~~-~~dotfiles nixos~~-~~dotfiles~~]

Enable [[Cups]] for printer support and tools like Sane for [[Scanners|scanning]] devices.

</div>

== 提示和技巧 ==

=== 通过 NixOS 模块机制模块化你的配置 ===

{{main|NixOS system configuration#Modularizing your configuration with modules}}

== 另见 ==

在[[Comparison of NixOS setups|对NixOS设置的比较]]中可查看一个对常见选择进行比较的表格.

</div>

[[Category:Desktop]]

[[Category:Desktop|分类：桌面]]

[[Category:Guide]]

[[Category:Guide|分类：指南]]

[[Category:NixOS|分类：NixOS]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <languages/>
-NixOS可以用于许多目的. 如果你想把它用作你的日常主要桌面操作系统(在实体机上或者作为副虚拟机), 那么你应该看看这个页面. 即使你是想把NixOS用在云端或者是经过特殊配置的服务器上, 你也可能会想从这里概述的课程开始, 以便从整体上对Nix生态有更好的了解.
+[[Special:MyLanguage/NixOS|NixOS]] 是一款功能多样的操作系统，适用于各种用例。本文面向希望将 NixOS 作为主要桌面环境（无论是在物理硬件还是虚拟机中）的用户。此外，计划在 [[NixOS friendly hosters|云端]] 环境或专用服务器基础架构上部署 NixOS 的用户，可能会发现从这里介绍的概念和实践开始会很有帮助，因为它们为在更广泛的 [[Special:MyLanguage/Nix ecosystem|Nix 生态系统]] 中工作奠定了有益的基础。
+<span id="Installation"></span>
+== 安装 ==
+<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
+如果你倾向于阅读, 请从[[NixOS Installation Guide|NixOS安装指南]]开始. 如果你想选择一个精良的视频教程, 请见下一条. 请记住, 为了安装一个桌面, 你需要确定一开始有至少30GiB的可用硬盘空间来容纳桌面环境(比如说, GNOME, KDE, 或者是XFCE), 浏览器(比如Firefox), 以及其他带有图形界面的典型日用软件(如VSCode). 对于相对简陋的配置, 15GiB可能够用.
+</div>
+<span id="Managing_your_configuration"></span>
+== 管理你的配置 ==
+<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
+你可以使用[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS官方手册]中记录的方式来管理你的所有配置. 然而, 大部分在桌面上使用NixOS的社区成员更喜欢使用[[Home Manager]]来管理他们的配置(比如"点文件")(citation needed). Home Manager是一个面向用户的工具, 用于声明你想安装什么, 以及你想如何配置它. 对于大部分设置, 如果你不使用Home Manager的话, 你就要把它们放入[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix], 或者使用[[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix.3F|nix-env]].
+</div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-== Installation ==
+The process for managing your configuration is documented in the {{NixOS Manual|name=NixOS official manual|anchor=#ch-configuration}}.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== Wiki method ===
+=== System Configuration ===
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-If you prefer reading, see [[NixOS Installation Guide]] to get started. For a well presented video option, see video guide section immediately below. Keep in mind that, for a desktop installation, you will probably want to make sure you start with at least 30 GiB of available disk space to allow for the desktop environments (e.g. GNOME, KDE, or XFCE), browsers (e.g. Firefox), and other graphical applications (e.g. VSCode) that would be typical of daily use. 15 GiB might be enough in a pinch for a fairly bare-bones setup.
+{{main|NixOS system configuration}}
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== Video guide ===
+The primary configuration file, <code>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</code>, defines system-wide settings. This includes options like enabling services, managing system users, setting hardware options, and specifying installed packages. Changes are applied with:
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-For a visual guide, see [[Wil T Nix Guides]]. The [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#NixOS_Installation_Guide|second video]] is a concise installation guide. This 8-part series, produced in early 2021, also covers all the basics of using NixOS as a desktop and configuring it to your liking.
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
+# nixos-rebuild switch
+</syntaxhighlight>
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-== Managing your configuration ==
+=== User configuration with Home Manager ===
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-It is possible to manage your entire configuration using the methods documented in the [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS official manual]. However, most community members who use NixOS on the desktop prefer to manage their user configurations (e.g. "dotfiles") using [[Home Manager]] (citation needed). Home Manager is a user oriented tool for declaring what you want installed and how you want it configured, and thus would be used in lieu of most settings you would otherwise put into a [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix] or through [[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix.3F|nix-env]]
+For managing per-user configurations such as application preferences, command-line tools, and dotfiles, [[Home Manager]] provides a convenient, declarative approach. It allows users to define which programs should be installed and how they should be configured, without needing to include those settings in the system-wide [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix].
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== Video guide ===
+Home Manager can be used independently of the system configuration and works with both traditional setups and newer [[Flakes]]-based configurations.
+</div>
+<span id="With_Flakes"></span>
+=== 通过Flakes ===
+<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
+如果你想要可组合性<sup>[citation needed]</sup>更强的NixOS配置设定, 仍在实验阶段的[[Flakes]]特性正在使社区感到十分兴奋. 管理flakes需要对Nix生态有良好的基本理解和一些已有的实践经验.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-Wil T's guides are about an even mix of:
+Refer to [[NixOS system configuration#Defining NixOS as a flake]] for details on getting started.
-# Hands-on bootstrapping to get to being able to very capably manage your system using Home Manager, git versioning, and eventually Flakes.
+</div>
-# Conceptual overviews and general exposition of the Nix ecosystem, community, and available resources.
+<span id="Beyond_initial_setup"></span>
+== 在初始设置之外 ==
+<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
+在你熟悉了Nix生态并安装了一个功能性的NixOS桌面后, 你可能会想了解定制化和更细化的设置.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-The [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#NixOS_Installation_Guide|second video]], starting from about 27 minutes in, is also an introduction to and guide to setting up Home Manager.
+Common configuration areas include:
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-== Modularizing your configuration ==
+==== Desktop Environments ====
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== With NixOS Modules ===
+Install and configure full-featured environments such as [[GNOME]], [[KDE Plasma]], or [[Xfce]].
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-configuration.nix is an instance of a [[NixOS modules|NixOS module]], which makes it easy to break your configuration into several files. Modules can:
+See [[:Category:Desktop environment]] for a full list.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-* Import other modules
+==== Window Managers ====
-* Declare new options
-* Provide values for options (this is what most of your default configuration.nix does)
-* Reference option values from other modules (via the <code>config</code> attribute passed to all modules)
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-As long as you declare options for any values you want to share between modules, you can divide your configuration however you like into files that get imported, directly or transitively, by your root configuration.nix file. You can also import modules from remote sources, using functions like <code>builtins.fetchTarball</code>. See the [[NixOS modules|wiki page]] or the [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-writing-modules NixOS manual] for more information.
+Set up lightweight or tiling window managers like [[i3]], [[Sway]], [[Hyprland]], or [[xmonad]].
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== With Flakes ===
+See [[:Category:Window managers]] for a full list.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-If you want a more composable<sup>[citation needed]</sup> NixOS configuration setup, the still-experimental [[Flakes]] feature is causing a lot of excitement in the community. Managing flakes requires a good basic understanding and some existing hands on experience with the Nix ecosystem.
+==== Display Managers (Login Managers) ====
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+Configure graphical session managers such as [[Gnome|GDM]], [[KDE|SDDM]], or [[LightDM]].
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-==== Video guide ====
+==== Audio Setup ====
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-Videos [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Intro_to_Flakes|seven]] and [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Moving_NixOS_System_Configuration_into_a_Flake|eight]] of Wil T's original 8-part series are a good overview of what Flakes enable and how to get started with them.
+Enable and configure [[:Category:Audio|audio]] systems like [[PipeWire]], [[PulseAudio]], or [[ALSA]].
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-== Beyond initial setup ==
+==== Network Management ====
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-After you are familiar with the Nix ecosystem and have a functional desktop install of NixOS, you will likely be interested in customizations and more detailed setup.
+Use tools such as [[NetworkManager]] or [[systemd-networkd]] for managing [[Networking|network]] connections.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-=== Learn by example ===
+==== Bluetooth Support ====
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-If you are comfortable managing your system through a git repo using flakes, then there are many repositories you can learn from now!
+Set up [[Bluetooth]] with blueman or other management tools.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-Check out [[Comparison of NixOS setups]] for a table comparing some popular choices.
+==== Power Management ====
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-See [[Configuration Collection]] for a long list within the wiki.
+Configure [[laptop]] [[Power Management|battery management]], suspend, and hibernation with tools like [[Laptop#tlp|tlp]] or [[systemd]] services.
 </div>
 <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
-Additionally, the following topic searches on Github should uncover many useful examples.
+==== Printing and Scanning ====
-* [https://github.com/topics/nix-flake nix-flake]
+</div>
-* [https://github.com/topics/nixos-configuration nixos-configuration]
-* [https://github.com/topics/nixos-dotfiles nixos-dotfiles]
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+Enable [[Cups]] for printer support and tools like Sane for [[Scanners|scanning]] devices.
+</div>
+<span id="Tips_and_tricks"></span>
+== 提示和技巧 ==
+<span id="Modularizing_your_configuration_with_modules"></span>
+=== 通过 NixOS 模块机制模块化你的配置 ===
+{{main|NixOS system configuration#Modularizing your configuration with modules}}
+<span id="See_also"></span>
+== 另见 ==
+<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
+在[[Comparison of NixOS setups|对NixOS设置的比较]]中可查看一个对常见选择进行比较的表格.
 </div>
-[[Category:Desktop]]
+[[Category:Desktop|分类：桌面]]
-[[Category:Guide]]
+[[Category:Guide|分类：指南]]
+[[Category:NixOS|分类：NixOS]]