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NixOS可以用于许多目的. 如果你想把它用作你的日常主要桌面操作系统(在实体机上或者作为副虚拟机), 那么你应该看看这个页面. 即使你是想把NixOS用在云端或者是经过特殊配置的服务器上, 你也可能会想从这里概述的课程开始, 以便从整体上对Nix生态有更好的了解.
[[Special:MyLanguage/NixOS|NixOS]] 是一款功能多样的操作系统，适用于各种用例。本文面向希望将 NixOS 作为主要桌面环境（无论是在物理硬件还是虚拟机中）的用户。此外，计划在 [[NixOS friendly hosters|云端]] 环境或专用服务器基础架构上部署 NixOS 的用户，可能会发现从这里介绍的概念和实践开始会很有帮助，因为它们为在更广泛的 [[Special:MyLanguage/Nix ecosystem|Nix 生态系统]] 中工作奠定了有益的基础。


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== 安装 ==
== 安装 ==


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=== Wiki(维基百科)上的方法 ===
 
如果你倾向于阅读, 请从[[NixOS Installation Guide|NixOS安装指南]]开始. 如果你想选择一个精良的视频教程, 请见下一条. 请记住, 为了安装一个桌面, 你需要确定一开始有至少30GiB的可用硬盘空间来容纳桌面环境(比如说, GNOME, KDE, 或者是XFCE), 浏览器(比如Firefox), 以及其他带有图形界面的典型日用软件(如VSCode). 对于相对简陋的配置, 15GiB可能够用.
如果你倾向于阅读, 请从[[NixOS Installation Guide|NixOS安装指南]]开始. 如果你想选择一个精良的视频教程, 请见下一条. 请记住, 为了安装一个桌面, 你需要确定一开始有至少30GiB的可用硬盘空间来容纳桌面环境(比如说, GNOME, KDE, 或者是XFCE), 浏览器(比如Firefox), 以及其他带有图形界面的典型日用软件(如VSCode). 对于相对简陋的配置, 15GiB可能够用.
 
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=== 视频指南 ===
 
如果想要一个可视化指南, 请看[[Wil T Nix Guides]]. 其中[[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#NixOS_Installation_Guide|第二个视频]]是一个简洁的安装指南. 这个8期视频系列于2021年初制作, 也涵盖了从把NixOS用作桌面到根据你的喜好来配置它的所有基本内容.


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== 管理你的配置 ==
== 管理你的配置 ==


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你可以使用[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS官方手册]中记录的方式来管理你的所有配置. 然而, 大部分在桌面上使用NixOS的社区成员更喜欢使用[[Home Manager]]来管理他们的配置(比如"点文件")(citation needed). Home Manager是一个面向用户的工具, 用于声明你想安装什么, 以及你想如何配置它. 对于大部分设置, 如果你不使用Home Manager的话, 你就要把它们放入[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix], 或者使用[[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix.3F|nix-env]].
你可以使用[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html NixOS官方手册]中记录的方式来管理你的所有配置. 然而, 大部分在桌面上使用NixOS的社区成员更喜欢使用[[Home Manager]]来管理他们的配置(比如"点文件")(citation needed). Home Manager是一个面向用户的工具, 用于声明你想安装什么, 以及你想如何配置它. 对于大部分设置, 如果你不使用Home Manager的话, 你就要把它们放入[https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix], 或者使用[[FAQ#How_can_I_manage_software_with_nix-env_like_with_configuration.nix.3F|nix-env]].
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=== 视频指南 ===
The process for managing your configuration is documented in the {{NixOS Manual|name=NixOS official manual|anchor=#ch-configuration}}.
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Wil T的指南是下列内容的均衡组合:
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# 动手实践的引导, 让你逐步学会使用Home Manager, git版本控制,以及最后的Flakes来掌握你的系统
=== System Configuration ===
# Nix生态, 社区, 以及可用资源的概念总览和总体介绍
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{{main|NixOS system configuration}}
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The [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#NixOS_Installation_Guide|second video]], starting from about 27 minutes in, is also an introduction to and guide to setting up Home Manager.
The primary configuration file, <code>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</code>, defines system-wide settings. This includes options like enabling services, managing system users, setting hardware options, and specifying installed packages. Changes are applied with:
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== Modularizing your configuration ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
# nixos-rebuild switch
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=== With NixOS Modules ===
=== User configuration with Home Manager ===
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configuration.nix is an instance of a [[NixOS modules|NixOS module]], which makes it easy to break your configuration into several files. Modules can:
For managing per-user configurations such as application preferences, command-line tools, and dotfiles, [[Home Manager]] provides a convenient, declarative approach. It allows users to define which programs should be installed and how they should be configured, without needing to include those settings in the system-wide [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-changing-config configuration.nix].
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* Import other modules
Home Manager can be used independently of the system configuration and works with both traditional setups and newer [[Flakes]]-based configurations.
* Declare new options
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* Provide values for options (this is what most of your default configuration.nix does)
 
* Reference option values from other modules (via the <code>config</code> attribute passed to all modules)
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=== 通过Flakes ===
 
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如果你想要可组合性<sup>[citation needed]</sup>更强的NixOS配置设定, 仍在实验阶段的[[Flakes]]特性正在使社区感到十分兴奋. 管理flakes需要对Nix生态有良好的基本理解和一些已有的实践经验.
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As long as you declare options for any values you want to share between modules, you can divide your configuration however you like into files that get imported, directly or transitively, by your root configuration.nix file. You can also import modules from remote sources, using functions like <code>builtins.fetchTarball</code>. See the [[NixOS modules|wiki page]] or the [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-writing-modules NixOS manual] for more information.
Refer to [[NixOS system configuration#Defining NixOS as a flake]] for details on getting started.
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== 在初始设置之外 ==
 
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在你熟悉了Nix生态并安装了一个功能性的NixOS桌面后, 你可能会想了解定制化和更细化的设置.
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=== With Flakes ===
Common configuration areas include:
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If you want a more composable<sup>[citation needed]</sup> NixOS configuration setup, the still-experimental [[Flakes]] feature is causing a lot of excitement in the community. Managing flakes requires a good basic understanding and some existing hands on experience with the Nix ecosystem.
==== Desktop Environments ====
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==== 视频指南 ====
Install and configure full-featured environments such as [[GNOME]], [[KDE Plasma]], or [[Xfce]].
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Videos [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Intro_to_Flakes|seven]] and [[Wil_T_Nix_Guides#Moving_NixOS_System_Configuration_into_a_Flake|eight]] of Wil T's original 8-part series are a good overview of what Flakes enable and how to get started with them.
See [[:Category:Desktop environment]] for a full list.
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== Beyond initial setup ==
==== Window Managers ====
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After you are familiar with the Nix ecosystem and have a functional desktop install of NixOS, you will likely be interested in customizations and more detailed setup.
Set up lightweight or tiling window managers like [[i3]], [[Sway]], [[Hyprland]], or [[xmonad]].
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=== 通过示例来学习 ===
See [[:Category:Window managers]] for a full list.
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If you are comfortable managing your system through a git repo using flakes, then there are many repositories you can learn from now!
==== Display Managers (Login Managers) ====
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Check out [[Comparison of NixOS setups]] for a table comparing some popular choices.
Configure graphical session managers such as [[Gnome|GDM]], [[KDE|SDDM]], or [[LightDM]].
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==== Audio Setup ====
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Enable and configure [[:Category:Audio|audio]] systems like [[PipeWire]], [[PulseAudio]], or [[ALSA]].
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==== Network Management ====
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Use tools such as [[NetworkManager]] or [[systemd-networkd]] for managing [[Networking|network]] connections.
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==== Bluetooth Support ====
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Set up [[Bluetooth]] with blueman or other management tools.
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==== Power Management ====
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See [[Configuration Collection]] for a long list within the wiki.
Configure [[laptop]] [[Power Management|battery management]], suspend, and hibernation with tools like [[Laptop#tlp|tlp]] or [[systemd]] services.
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Additionally, the following topic searches on Github should uncover many useful examples.
==== Printing and Scanning ====
* [https://github.com/topics/nix-flake nix-flake]
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* [https://github.com/topics/nixos-configuration nixos-configuration]
 
* [https://github.com/topics/nixos-dotfiles nixos-dotfiles]
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Enable [[Cups]] for printer support and tools like Sane for [[Scanners|scanning]] devices.
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== 提示和技巧 ==
 
<span id="Modularizing_your_configuration_with_modules"></span>
=== 通过 NixOS 模块机制模块化你的配置 ===
 
{{main|NixOS system configuration#Modularizing your configuration with modules}}
 
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== 另见 ==
 
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在[[Comparison of NixOS setups|对NixOS设置的比较]]中可查看一个对常见选择进行比较的表格.
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[[Category:Desktop]]
[[Category:Desktop|分类：桌面]]
[[Category:Guide]]
[[Category:Guide|分类：指南]]
[[Category:NixOS|分类：NixOS]]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/NixOS_as_a_desktop/zh"