Maintainers:Fastly

Fastly is a global CDN provider that powers https://cache.nixos.org, one of our mission-critical services, through their Open Source and Non-Profit Program.

This page gives some basic details about what the configuration for our services looks like. In the future, we hope to integrate more https://nixos.org services with Fastly, such as Hydra, and the main homepage.

Note: The current binary cache is undergoing some rather large upgrades internally, but should mostly be invisible to users. See #Cache v2 plans, and #Known issues.

Configuration details

The core configuration details for our services are located in infra, which you can quickly clone with git:

$ git clone https://github.com/nixos/infra

Check the README.md for details about the structure of the project, how to make and contribute changes, etc. It also describes the rough architecture of the integration(s).

Cache v2 plans

There are currently plans underway to do some nice user-visible upgrades on the main binary cache. See the beta notes below if you want to try. The first-cut goals are:

• Improved TTFB and overall tail latency for all objects. (STATUS: DONE)
  • Better backbone routing: inter-POP network thanks to shielding.
  • Improved support for large NARs, by streaming results directly from S3 rather than "buffering" them in the POP first. This improves TTFB dramatically.
• Aggressive 404 caching, helping reduce the cost of misses on S3, which will be very common, especially if users have low TTLs or Hydra is lagging. (STATUS: MOSTLY DONE)
  • Mapping 403s to proper 404s and caching them (STATUS: DONE)
  • Cache aggressive: ~1 month. (STATUS: NOT DONE -- requires upstream Hydra tooling changes, so cache uploads have their potential 404s purged in a timely manner.)
• Rudimentary logging that can be ingested into some OLAP/timeseries database. (STATUS: NOT STARTED)
  • Some logging is configured upstream already, but we don't know how it's being used (Logstream?)
  • We might want to just go as far as emitting raw JSON records into S3, on some schedule (easily done with Fastly logging.)
  • Example use: Glean insights from nar requests, correlated with evaluations producing those paths: better insight into how users use packages and track release channels.
  • Example use: Look at and optimize effective TTL times.

BETA: Try cache v2!

Warning: The current beta cache might be unstable or respond badly while it's being worked on! I (Austin) strive to always keep it working with every minor improvement, but occasionally small things will break, as a staging service will.

Austin currently has a Fastly service configured implementing some of the above. To use it, you can change your substituters setting. This uses the real upstream S3 bucket, so you do not need to trust any new signatures. For NixOS users:

/etc/nixos/configuration.nix

{...}
{
  nix.binaryCaches = [ "https://aseipp-nix-cache.global.ssl.fastly.net" ]
}

Nix users:

/etc/nix/nix.conf

substituters = https://aseipp-nix-cache.global.ssl.fastly.net

You should be set. This uses the real upstream nixos.org binary cache as a backend, so it should basically be up to date with cache.nixos.org.

Changelog

We'll also have a changelog recording any major upgrades made to the service. You can view the current one here: https://aseipp.notion.site/07c3be3df9f24d829471c6f8208a8570?v=41a80a849bb646d6a184bd1ce770edc4

Beta + IPv6 + HTTP/2

The above domain in the prior section is IPv4 only. There have seemingly been various frustrations around IPv6 support (see #IPv6 shenanigans below), so the beta currently uses IPv4 only as a default. Instead of the above domain, you can use the following domain if you want to enable IPv4/IPv6 dual stack support. This also enables HTTP/2 support.

/etc/nix/nix.conf

substituters = https://aseipp-nix-cache.freetls.fastly.net

Note the difference in the DNS name: global.ssl vs freetls.

Beta Issues

There are some known deficiencies with the beta, listed below:

• Any user can purge cache objects with no authentication. Use curl -v -X PURGE https://<SOME URL> in order to do so. This is useful for debugging user issues, but during final deployment, we'll want to turn this off.
• Overly-conservative URL blocking. The current implementation will only allow you to download .narinfo, .ls, and .nar.xz files -- this is to eliminate spurious/invalid requests to S3 for objects which could never possibly exist. If you see a 403 error returned from the server, then this is why. This should mean "recent" (few year old) evaluations should work fine -- ever since we've been using LZMA. This will be rectified in the future, but should only be noticeable to users on old channels. FIXED: This is now taken care of, and several other paths were fixed as well.
  • We'll be sure to check the S3 metadata so that all filetypes in the cache can be downloaded properly, before final deployment.
• Origin connections do not use TLS. When connecting to a Fastly POP, you use TLS. When Fastly POPs talk to each other, they also use TLS. When a POP talks to S3, the beta service does not use TLS -- it talks to S3 over HTTP. This is due to a limitation in a feature we use called Streaming Miss, which is vital in reducing TTFB for large, uncached objects. (Without it, a POP must download an entire, possibly multi-hundred-MB NAR file before it can begin serving you. Streaming miss allows your download to start instantly.) Support for streaming miss with TLS origins is currently deployed in "Limited Availability" for Fastly customers. We'll be applying to the LA program for TLS Origin support before deploying to production, and testing it carefully. FIXED: This is now taken care of -- the final, live deployment will use TLS Origins! The beta currently does not.

Known issues

There are some known deficiencies with the cache that is currently deployed upstream for all users, on cache.nixos.org. These are listed below:

Possible Nix bugs

See [1] and [2]. Root cause is unclear, but it may be causing issues with cache downloads.

IPv6 shenanigans

See [3]. Some users report that turning off IPv6 helps download things from cache.nixos.org. See also on the Fastly support forums: I (often) can't access Fastly servers using HTTPS+IPv6: RST packets received. It is unclear how widespread this issue might be. Using an IPv4 only DNS CNAME may mitigate this in the long run.

Future plans

The primary goal is to reduce user friction and significantly smooth out our infrastructure for the binary cache. Afterwords, we can look at integrating other services and other projects.

Hydra integration

After #Cache v2 plans are completed and we're satisfied with the results, we could also look at integrating Hydra into our Fastly configuration. Hydra is notoriously slow due to almost zero caching for its dynamic content, such as evaluation or search listings.

It is traditionally considered difficult to cache highly dynamic content, but Fastly has extremely low (~100ms) purge times, extremely low (~1-5s) configuration change rollout, as well as advanced content-caching capabilities with surrogate keys. This is fast enough to where, providing your integration is deep enough, you can even cache your APIs, and purging strategies are normally pretty simple.

The range of this integration could be simple or complex, however. It's also worth investigating whether or not Hydra's database queries are slow, and also optimizing that. But caching search, result, logs, etc should all be possible and some of it is probably easy.

Lower negative TTL times

Negative TTLs are currently 1 hour: in other words, if something isn't available in an upstream cache, Nix will not check for it again when you evaluate, for up to 1 hour. ("Positive" TTLs are currently 1 month.)

However, with aggressive 404 caching, we could investigate lowering the default negative TTL setting: redundant fetches for 404s will be handled without talking to S3, which is already a significant improvement. This means users won't have to wait as long for binaries to appear in the cache if they had tried previously. On the other hand, too small a negative TTL will result in a significant amount of wasted time on the users part. There may be a better tradeoff on this curve than we currently default to.

Users can also start using lower negative TTLs to experiment as well, by setting the narinfo-cache-negative-ttl option.

Secure S3 fetches

In the long run, we might want to look into securing the upstream S3 backend with authentication keys, and use VCL to authenticate HTTP requests to the origin. That will ensure the cache itself does not waste bandwidth from users who directly access it. (This also helps prevent gaps in logs, etc)

tarballs.nixos.org

https://tarballs.nixos.org needs to be handled in the same way as cache.nixos.org as well. This is not yet done.