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Flakes

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Nix flakes это экспериментальная особенность которая была представлена с Nix 2.4 (см. Примечания к выпуску).

Введение

Nix flakes обеспечивают единую структуру для Nix-проектов, фиксируют версии зависимостей в лок-файле и делают более удобным написание воспроизводимых Nix-выражений.

  • flake это файловая структура, корневая директория которой содержит спецификацию Nix в файле flake.nix.
  • Содержимое файла flake.nix следует единой схеме наименования для объявления пакетов и их зависимостей на языке Nix.

Флейки вводят синтаксис, похожий на URL для указания удалённых источников.

  • Чтобы упростить длинный синтаксис URL с помощью более коротких названий, флейки используют реестр символических идентификаторов.
  • Флейки также позволяют фиксировать ссылки и версии, которые затем могут быть запрошены и обновлены программно.

Экспериментальный интерфейс командной строки принимает ссылки на флейки для выражений, которые создают, запускают и развёртывают пакеты.

Временно включить поддержку Flakes

При использовании любой команды nix добавьте следующие параметры командной строки: 

 --experimental-features 'nix-command flakes'

Включить flakes на постоянной основе в NixOS

Add the following to the NixOS configuration: 

  nix.settings.experimental-features = [ "nix-command" "flakes" ];

В других Дистрибутивах, с Home-Manager

Добавьте следующее в свою конфигурацию Home-Manager: 

  nix.settings.experimental-features = [ "nix-command" "flakes" ];

Другие Дистрибутивы, без Home-Manager
Note: The Determinate Nix Installer enables flakes by default.

Добавьте следующее в ~/.config/nix/nix.conf или /etc/nix/nix.conf: 

experimental-features = nix-command flakes

Основное Использование Flake

Прежде чем выполнять какие-либо команды nix на этом этапе, обратите внимание на два предупреждения ниже: одно для шифрования, другое для git.

Encryption WARNING

Warning: Since contents of flake files are copied to the world-readable Nix store folder, do not put any unencrypted secrets in flake files. You should instead use a secret managing scheme.

Предупреждение Git

For flakes in git repos, only files in the working tree will be copied to the store.

Therefore, if you use git for your flake, ensure to git add any project files after you first create them.

See also https://www.tweag.io/blog/2020-05-25-flakes/

Создание файла flake.nix

Чтобы начать базовое использование Flakes, выполните команду flake в каталоге проекта: 

nix flake init

Flake schema

The flake.nix file is a Nix file but that has special restrictions (more on that later).

It has 4 top-level attributes:

  • description это строка описывающая flake.
  • inputs is an attribute set of all the dependencies of the flake. The schema is described below.
  • outputs is a function of one argument that takes an attribute set of all the realized inputs, and outputs another attribute set whose schema is described below.
  • nixConfig is an attribute set of values which reflect the values given to nix.conf. This can extend the normal behavior of a user's nix experience by adding flake-specific configuration, such as a binary cache.

Input schema

The nix flake inputs manual.

The nix flake references manual.

The inputs attribute defines the dependencies of the flake. For example, nixpkgs has to be defined as a dependency for a system flake in order for the system to build properly.

Nixpkgs can be defined using the following code:

inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/<branch name>";

For any repository with its own flake.nix file, the website must also be defined. Nix knows where the nixpkgs repository is, so stating that it's on GitHub is unnecessary.

For example, adding Hyprland as an input would look something like this:

inputs.hyprland.url = "github:hyprwm/Hyprland";

If you want to make Hyprland follow the nixpkgs input to avoid having multiple versions of nixpkgs, this can be done using the following code:

inputs.hyprland.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";

Using curly brackets({}), we can shorten all of this and put it in a table. The code will look something like this: 

inputs = {
  nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/<branch name>";
  hyprland = {
    url = "github:hyprwm/Hyprland";
    inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
  };
};

Output schema

This is described in the nix package manager src/nix/flake-check.md.

Once the inputs are resolved, they're passed to the function `outputs` along with with `self`, which is the directory of this flake in the store. `outputs` returns the outputs of the flake, according to the following schema.

Where:

  • <system> is something like "x86_64-linux", "aarch64-linux", "i686-linux", "x86_64-darwin"
  • <name> is an attribute name like "hello".
  • <flake> is a flake name like "nixpkgs".
  • <store-path> is a /nix/store.. path
{ self, ... }@inputs:
{
  # Executed by `nix flake check`
  checks."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
  # Executed by `nix build .#<name>`
  packages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
  # Executed by `nix build .`
  packages."<system>".default = derivation;
  # Executed by `nix run .#<name>`
  apps."<system>"."<name>" = {
    type = "app";
    program = "<store-path>";
  };
  # Executed by `nix run . -- <args?>`
  apps."<system>".default = { type = "app"; program = "..."; };

  # Formatter (alejandra, nixfmt or nixpkgs-fmt)
  formatter."<system>" = derivation;
  # Used for nixpkgs packages, also accessible via `nix build .#<name>`
  legacyPackages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
  # Overlay, consumed by other flakes
  overlays."<name>" = final: prev: { };
  # Default overlay
  overlays.default = final: prev: { };
  # Nixos module, consumed by other flakes
  nixosModules."<name>" = { config, ... }: { options = {}; config = {}; };
  # Default module
  nixosModules.default = { config, ... }: { options = {}; config = {}; };
  # Used with `nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#<hostname>`
  # nixosConfigurations."<hostname>".config.system.build.toplevel must be a derivation
  nixosConfigurations."<hostname>" = {};
  # Used by `nix develop .#<name>`
  devShells."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
  # Used by `nix develop`
  devShells."<system>".default = derivation;
  # Hydra build jobs
  hydraJobs."<attr>"."<system>" = derivation;
  # Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>#<name>`
  templates."<name>" = {
    path = "<store-path>";
    description = "template description goes here?";
  };
  # Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>`
  templates.default = { path = "<store-path>"; description = ""; };
}

You can also define additional arbitrary attributes, but these are the outputs that Nix knows about.

`nix run`

When output apps.<system>.myapp is not defined, nix run myapp runs <packages or legacyPackages.<system>.myapp>/bin/<myapp.meta.mainProgram or myapp.pname or myapp.name (the non-version part)>

Using flakes with stable Nix

There exists the flake-compat library that you can use to shim default.nix and shell.nix files. It will download the inputs of the flake, pass them to the flake’s outputs function and return an attribute set containing defaultNix and shellNix attributes. The attributes will contain the output attribute set with an extra default attribute pointing to current platform’s defaultPackage (resp. devShell for shellNix).

Place the following into default.nix (for shell.nix, replace defaultNix with shellNix) to use the shim: 

(import (
  fetchTarball {
    url = "https://github.com/edolstra/flake-compat/archive/12c64ca55c1014cdc1b16ed5a804aa8576601ff2.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "0jm6nzb83wa6ai17ly9fzpqc40wg1viib8klq8lby54agpl213w5"; }
) {
  src =  ./.;
}).defaultNix

You can also use the lockfile to make updating the hashes easier using nix flake lock --update-input flake-compat. Add the following to your flake.nix: 

  inputs.flake-compat = {
    url = "github:edolstra/flake-compat";
    flake = false;
  };

and add flake-compat to the arguments of outputs attribute. Then you will be able to use default.nix like the following: 

(import (
  let
    lock = builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile ./flake.lock);
    nodeName = lock.nodes.root.inputs.flake-compat;
  in
  fetchTarball {
    url =
      lock.nodes.${nodeName}.locked.url
        or "https://github.com/edolstra/flake-compat/archive/${lock.nodes.${nodeName}.locked.rev}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = lock.nodes.${nodeName}.locked.narHash;
  }
) { src = ./.; }).defaultNix

Accessing flakes from Nix expressions

If you want to access a flake from within a regular Nix expression on a system that has flakes enabled, you can use something like (builtins.getFlake "/path/to/directory").packages.x86_64-linux.default, where 'directory' is the directory that contains your flake.nix.

Making your evaluations pure

Nix flakes run in pure evaluation mode, which is underdocumented. Some tips for now:

  • fetchurl and fetchtar require a sha256 argument to be considered pure.
  • builtins.currentSystem is non-hermetic and impure. This can usually be avoided by passing the system (i.e., x86_64-linux) explicitly to derivations requiring it.
  • Imports from channels like <nixpkgs> can be made pure by instead importing from the output function in flake.nix, where the arguments provide the store path to the flake's inputs:
 outputs = { self, nixpkgs, ... }:
  {
    nixosConfigurations.machine = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
      modules = [
        "${nixpkgs}/nixos/modules/<some-module>.nix"
        ./machine.nix
      ];
    };
  };

The nix flakes command

The nix flake subcommand is described in command reference page of the unstable manual.

Установка пакетов с помощью `nix-profile`

nix profile install в документации

Using nix flakes with NixOS

nixos-rebuild switch will read its configuration from /etc/nixos/flake.nix if it is present.

A basic nixos flake.nix could look like this: 

{
  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
  outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: {
    # replace 'joes-desktop' with your hostname here.
    nixosConfigurations.joes-desktop = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
      modules = [ ./configuration.nix ];
    };
  };
}

If you want to pass on the flake inputs to external configuration files, you can use the specialArgs attribute: 

{
  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
  inputs.home-manager.url = github:nix-community/home-manager;

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, ... }@inputs: {
    nixosConfigurations.fnord = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
      specialArgs = { inherit inputs; };
      modules = [ ./configuration.nix ];
    };
  };
}

Then, you can access the flake inputs from the file configuration.nix like this: 

{ config, lib, inputs, ... }: {
  # do something with home-manager here, for instance:
  imports = [ inputs.home-manager.nixosModules.default ];
  ...
}


nixos-rebuild also allows to specify different flake using the --flake flag (# is optional): 

$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .

By default nixos-rebuild will use the currents system hostname to lookup the right nixos configuration in nixosConfigurations. You can also override this by using appending it to the flake parameter: 

$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake /etc/nixos#joes-desktop

To switch a remote host you can use: 

$ nixos-rebuild --flake .#mymachine \
  --target-host mymachine-hostname \
  --build-host mymachine-hostname --fast \
  switch
Warning: Remote building seems to have an issue that's resolved by setting the --fast flag.

Pinning the registry on NixOS

{ inputs, ... }:
{
 nix.registry = {
    nixpkgs.flake = inputs.nixpkgs;
  };
}

To make sure the registry entry is "locked", use the following: 

  nix.registry = {
    nixpkgs.to = {
      type = "path";
      path = pkgs.path;
      narHash = builtins.readFile
          (pkgs.runCommandLocal "get-nixpkgs-hash"
            { nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.nix ]; }
            "nix-hash --type sha256 --sri ${pkgs.path} > $out");
    };
  };

This has the unfortunate side-effect of requiring import-from-derivation and slowing down build times, however it may greatly speed up almost every eval. Full-time flakes users may be able to just use narHash = pkgs.narHash.

Супер быстрая nix-shell

A feature of the nix Flake edition is that Nix evaluations are cached.

Допустим, в вашем проекте есть файл shell.nix, который выглядит следующим образом: 

{
  pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> { },
}:
pkgs.mkShell {
  packages = [ pkgs.nixfmt ];

  shellHook = ''
    # ...
  '';
}

Running nix-shell can be a bit slow and take 1-3 seconds.

Now create a flake.nix file in the same repository: 

{
  inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";

  outputs =
    { nixpkgs, ... }:
    {
      /*
        This example assumes your system is x86_64-linux
        change as neccesary
      */
      devShells.x86_64-linux =
        let
          pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux;
        in
        {
          default = pkgs.mkShell {
            packages = [ pkgs.hello ];
          };
        };
    };
}
}

( If you're in a git repository run `git add flake.nix` so that Nix recognizes it. )

And finally, run nix develop. This is what replaces the old nix-shell invocation.

Exit and run again, this command should now be super fast.

Warning: TODO: there is an alternative version where the defaultPackage is a pkgs.buildEnv that contains all the dependencies. And then nix shell is used to open the environment.

Автоматическое переключение оболочек nix с nix-direnv

You can easily switch nix shells when you cd into different projects with nix-direnv.

Pushing Flakes to Cachix

https://docs.cachix.org/pushing#flakes

To push all flake outputs automatically, checkout devour-flake.

Build specific attributes in a flake repository

When in the repository top-level, run nix build .#<attr>. It will look in the legacyPackages and packages output attributes for the corresponding derivation.

Eg, in nixpkgs: 

$ nix build .#hello

Building flakes from a Git repo url with submodules

As per nix 2.9.1, git submodules in package src's won't get copied to the nix store, this may cause the build to fail. To workaround this, use: 

nix build '.?submodules=1#hello'

See: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pull/5434

Импорт пакетов из нескольких веток nixpkgs

A NixOS config flake could be as follows: 

{
  description = "NixOS configuration with two or more channels";

 inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-23.11";
    nixpkgs-unstable.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable";
  };

  outputs =
    { nixpkgs, nixpkgs-unstable, ... }:
    {
      nixosConfigurations."<hostname>" = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        modules = [
          {
            nixpkgs.overlays = [
              (final: prev: {
                unstable = nixpkgs-unstable.legacyPackages.${prev.system};
                # use this variant if unfree packages are needed:
                # unstable = import nixpkgs-unstable {
                #   inherit system;
                #   config.allowUnfree = true;
                # };
              })
            ];
          }
          ./configuration.nix
        ];
      };
    };
}

# NixOS configuration.nix, can now use "pkgs.package" or "pkgs.unstable.package"
{ pkgs, ... }:
{
  environment.systemPackages = [
    pkgs.firefox
    pkgs.unstable.chromium
  ];
  # ...
}

If the variable nixpkgs points to the flake, you can also define pkgs with overlays with: 

pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; overlays = [ /*the overlay in question*/ ]; };

Getting Instant System Flakes Repl

How to get a nix repl out of your system flake: 

$ nix repl

nix-repl> :lf /path/to/flake
Added 18 variables.

nix-repl> nixosConfigurations.myHost.config.networking.hostName
"myHost"

However, this won't be instant upon evaluation if any file changes have been done since your last configuration rebuild. Instead, if one puts: 

nix.nixPath = let path = toString ./.; in [ "repl=${path}/repl.nix" "nixpkgs=${inputs.nixpkgs}" ];

In their system flake.nix configuration file, and includes the following file in their root directory flake as repl.nix: 

let
  flake = builtins.getFlake (toString ./.);
  nixpkgs = import <nixpkgs> { };
in
{ inherit flake; }
// flake
// builtins
// nixpkgs
// nixpkgs.lib
// flake.nixosConfigurations

(Don't forget to git add repl.nix && nixos-rebuild switch --flake "/etc/nixos") Then one can run (or bind a shell alias): 

source /etc/set-environment && nix repl $(echo $NIX_PATH | perl -pe 's|.*(/nix/store/.*-source/repl.nix).*|\1|')

This will launch a repl with access to nixpkgs, lib, and the flake options in a split of a second.

An alternative approach to the above shell alias is omitting repl from nix.nixPath and creating a shell script: 

nix.nixPath = [ "nixpkgs=${inputs.nixpkgs}" ];
environment.systemPackages = let
  repl_path = toString ./.;
  my-nix-fast-repl = pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "my-nix-fast-repl" ''
    source /etc/set-environment
    nix repl "${repl_path}/repl.nix" "$@"
  '';
in [
  my-nix-fast-repl
];

Включить несвободное ПО

Refer to Unfree Software.

Трюки для разработки

Build a package added in a PR

nix build github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=pull/<PR_NUMBER>/head#<PACKAGE>

this allows building a package that has not yet been added to nixpkgs.

note that this will download a full source tarball of nixpkgs. if you already have a local clone, using that may be faster due to delta compression: 

git fetch upstream pull/<PR_NUMBER>/head && git checkout FETCH_HEAD && nix build .#PACKAGE

this allows building a package that has not yet been added to nixpkgs.

How to add a file locally in git but not include it in commits

When a git folder exists, flake will only copy files added in git to maximize reproducibility (this way if you forgot to add a local file in your repo, you will directly get an error when you try to compile it). However, for development purpose you may want to create an alternative flake file, for instance containing configuration for your preferred editors as described here… of course without committing this file since it contains only your own preferred tools. You can do so by doing something like that (say for a file called extra/flake.nix): 

git add --intent-to-add extra/flake.nix
git update-index --skip-worktree --assume-unchanged extra/flake.nix

Rapid iteration of a direct dependency

One common pain point with using Nix as a development environment is the need to completely rebuild dependencies and re-enter the dev shell every time they are updated. The nix develop --redirect <flake> <directory> command allows you to provide a mutable dependency to your shell as if it were built by Nix.

Consider a situation where your executable, consumexe, depends on a library, libdep. You're trying to work on both at the same time, where changes to libdep are reflected in real time for consumexe. This workflow can be achieved like so: 

cd ~/libdep-src-checkout/
nix develop # Or `nix-shell` if applicable.
export prefix="./install" # configure nix to install it here
buildPhase   # build it like nix does
installPhase # install it like nix does

Now that you've built the dependency, consumexe can take it as an input. In another terminal: 

cd ~/consumexe-src-checkout/
nix develop --redirect libdep ~/libdep-src-checkout/install
echo $buildInputs | tr " " "\n" | grep libdep
# Output should show ~/libdep-src-checkout/ so you know it worked

If Nix warns you that your redirected flake isn't actually used as an input to the evaluated flake, try using the --inputs-from . flag. If all worked well you should be able to buildPhase && installPhase when the dependency changes and rebuild your consumer with the new version without exiting the development shell.

См. также

  • RFC 49 (2019) - Original flakes specification
  • NixOS & Flakes Book(Ryan4yin, 2023) - 🛠️ ❤️ An unofficial NixOS & Flakes book for beginners.
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