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Created page with "压缩使得构建过程变得缓慢。"
 
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用以下命令生成你的iso镜像
用以下命令生成iso镜像:


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生成的镜像文件可以在<code>result</code>中找到
The resulting image can be found in <code>result</code>:
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=== 测试镜像 ===
=== 测试镜像 ===


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查看ISO镜像中的内容：
To inspect the contents of the ISO image:
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在模拟器中启动镜像：
To boot the ISO image in an emulator:
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===SSH===
===SSH===


在您的 <tt>iso.nix</tt> 中：
在你的 <tt>iso.nix</tt> 中添加：


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=== 静态 IP 地址===
=== 静态 IP 地址===


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你可以直接在镜像中设置好静态IP地址。这对于在VPS上进行安装可能会很有帮助。
Static IP addresses can be set in the image itself. This can be useful for VPS installation.
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=== 更快速的构建 ===
=== 更快速的构建 ===


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构建过程缓慢的原因是压缩。
The build process is slow because of compression.
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以下是<code>nix-build</code>使用的一些压缩方式的用时测试结果：
Here are some timings for <code>nix-build</code>:
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Compression results
|+ 压缩测试结果
|-
|-
! squashfsCompression !! Time !! Size
! squashfsCompression !! 用时 !! 大小
|-
|-
| <code>lz4</code> || 100s || 59%
| <code>lz4</code> || 100s || 59%
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| <code>xz -Xdict-size 100%</code> (default) || 450s || 43%
| <code>xz -Xdict-size 100%</code> (default) || 450s || 43%
|}
|}
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如果你并不在意文件大小，可以在你的<code>iso.nix</code>中添加如下内容以使用更快的压缩方式：
If you don't care about file size, you can use a faster compression
by adding this to your <code>iso.nix</code>:
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== 另见 ==
== 另见 ==


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* [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-building-image NixOS 手册: 构建一个 NixOS (Live) ISO].
* [https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-building-image NixOS Manual: Building a NixOS (Live) ISO].
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[[Category:NixOS]]
[[Category:NixOS]]
[[Category:Deployment]]
[[Category:Deployment]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]

Latest revision as of 19:31, 9 July 2026

起因

从已安装的NixOS系统中创建一个自定义的 NixOS Live CD 有许多优势：

  • 确保可信度
  • 无需访问互联网
  • 很容易向镜像中添加自己的包和配置

构建

创建iso.nix文件，并使用nix-build命令来构建最小化的NixOS安装镜像。如下示例中预装了Neovim。 

{ config, pkgs, ... }:
{
  imports = [
    <nixpkgs/nixos/modules/installer/cd-dvd/installation-cd-minimal.nix>

    # Provide an initial copy of the NixOS channel so that the user
    # doesn't need to run "nix-channel --update" first.
    <nixpkgs/nixos/modules/installer/cd-dvd/channel.nix>
  ];
  environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.neovim ];
}

通过以下命令构建镜像： 

nix-build '<nixpkgs/nixos>' -A config.system.build.isoImage -I nixos-config=iso.nix

另外，也可以使用Flakes来生成ISO安装镜像。示例中使用nixos-24.05作为nixpkgs源。

❄︎ flake.nix
{
  description = "Minimal NixOS installation media";
  inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.05";
  outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: {
    packages.x86_64-linux.default = self.nixosConfigurations.exampleIso.config.system.build.isoImage;
    nixosConfigurations = {
      exampleIso = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = "x86_64-linux";
        modules = [
          ({ pkgs, modulesPath, ... }: {
            imports = [ (modulesPath + "/installer/cd-dvd/installation-cd-minimal.nix") ];
            environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.neovim ];
          })
        ];
      };
    };
  };
}

用以下命令生成iso镜像: 

# nix build path:$PWD

生成的镜像文件可以在result中找到 

$ ls result/iso/
nixos-24.05.20240721.63d37cc-x86_64-linux.iso

测试镜像

查看ISO镜像中的内容： 

$ mkdir mnt
$ sudo mount -o loop result/iso/nixos-*.iso mnt
$ ls mnt
boot  EFI  isolinux  nix-store.squashfs  version.txt
$ umount mnt

在模拟器中启动镜像： 

$ nix-shell -p qemu
$ qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -m 256 -cdrom result/iso/nixos-*.iso

SSH

在你的 iso.nix 中添加： 

{
  ...
  # Enable SSH in the boot process.
  systemd.services.sshd.wantedBy = pkgs.lib.mkForce [ "multi-user.target" ];
  users.users.root.openssh.authorizedKeys.keys = [
    "ssh-ed25519 AaAeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee username@host"
  ];
  ...
}

静态 IP 地址

你可以直接在镜像中设置好静态IP地址。这对于在VPS上进行安装可能会很有帮助。 

{
  ...
  networking = {
    usePredictableInterfaceNames = false;
    interfaces.eth0.ipv4.addresses = [{
      address = "64.137.201.46";
      prefixLength = 24;
    }];
    defaultGateway = "64.137.201.1";
    nameservers = [ "8.8.8.8" ];
  };
  ...
}

更快速的构建

构建过程缓慢的原因是压缩。

以下是nix-build使用的一些压缩方式的用时测试结果：

压缩测试结果
squashfsCompression 用时 大小
lz4 100s 59%
gzip -Xcompression-level 1 105s 52%
gzip 210s 49%
xz -Xdict-size 100% (default) 450s 43%

See also: mksquashfs benchmarks

如果你并不在意文件大小，可以在你的iso.nix中添加如下内容以使用更快的压缩方式： 

{
  isoImage.squashfsCompression = "gzip -Xcompression-level 1";
}

另见

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