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Ubuntu vs. NixOS: Difference between revisions

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{{Wide page}}
<!-- TODO''': Provide well-commented sample configuration.nix and ~/.nixpkgs/config.nix files with examples of common tasks. -->
 
== Ubuntu vs. NixOS ==


The system-wide column is the equivalent of using <code>apt</code> under Ubuntu.
<!-- TODO''': Provide well-commented sample configuration.nix and ~/.nixpkgs/config.nix files with examples of common tasks. -->
<div class="table-responsive">
<div class="table-responsive">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|Where are packages installed?
|Where are packages installed?
|apt installs globally into /bin/, /usr/, etc.
|apt installs globally into /bin/, /usr/, etc.
|System-wide packages are in /run/current-system/sw/ (these are installed because of /etc/nixos/configuration.nix) and /nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin/ (this is the profile managed by root). Note that the files are just symlinks to the real packages managed by nix /nix/store/.
|System-wide packages are in /run/current-system/sw/ (these are installed because of /etc/nixos/configuration.nix) and /nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin/ (this is the profile managed by root). Note that the files are just symlinks to the real packages managed by nix in /nix/store/.
|User packages are in ~/.nix-profile/. Note that the files are just symlinks to the real packages managed by nix in /nix/store/.
|User packages are in ~/.nix-profile/. Note that the files are just symlinks to the real packages managed by nix in /nix/store/.
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|Uninstall a package
|Uninstall a package
|<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">sudo apt-get remove emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo apt-get remove emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|remove from /etc/nixos/configuration.nix
|remove from /etc/nixos/configuration.nix
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
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|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo apt-get update</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo apt-get update</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nix-channel --update</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nix-channel --update</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$nix-channel --update</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-channel --update</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
|Upgrade packages
|Upgrade packages
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<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-store -q --tree /nix/var/nix/profiles/system</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-store -q --tree /nix/var/nix/profiles/system</syntaxhighlight>
(/run/current-system and /nix/var/nix/profiles/system are symbolic links that eventually end up at the same place.)
(/run/current-system and /nix/var/nix/profiles/system are symbolic links that eventually end up at the same place.)
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-store --query --references\
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-store --query --references \
   $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs)</syntaxhighlight>
   $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs)</syntaxhighlight>
For installed packages:
For installed packages:
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|Select major version and stable/unstable
|Select major version and stable/unstable
|Change sources.list and apt-get dist-upgrade. A an extremely infrequent and destructive operation. The nix variants are safe and easy to use.
|Change sources.list and apt-get dist-upgrade. A an extremely infrequent and destructive operation. The nix variants are safe and easy to use.
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-channel --add\
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-channel --add \
   https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable <name></syntaxhighlight>
   https://channels.nixos.org/nixpkgs-unstable <name></syntaxhighlight>
Add the unstable channel. At that address you will find names for other versions and variants. Name can be any string.
Add the unstable channel. At that address you will find names for other versions and variants. Name can be any string.
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-channel --remove <name></syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-channel --remove <name></syntaxhighlight>
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|Install a particular version of a package
|Install a particular version of a package
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ apt-get install package=version</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ apt-get install package=version</syntaxhighlight>
|Although Nix on its own doesn't understand the concept of package versioning, you can install and play with older (or newer!) software via https://nixos.wiki/wiki/FAQ/Pinning_Nixpkgs with https://lazamar.co.uk/nix-versions.
|Although Nix on its own doesn't understand the concept of package versioning, you can install and play with older (or newer!) software via [[FAQ/Pinning Nixpkgs]] with https://lazamar.co.uk/nix-versions.




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$ nix-shell \
$ nix-shell \
     -p vim \
     -p vim \
     -I nixpkgs=\https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/4bba6650a6a5a2009e25bdeed8c1e871601a9bfb.tar.gz
     -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/4bba6650a6a5a2009e25bdeed8c1e871601a9bfb.tar.gz
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
|
|
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|Find packages
|Find packages
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ apt-cache search emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ apt-cache search emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP '.*emacs.*'</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix search emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP '.*emacs.*'</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix search nixpkgs emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP '.*emacs.*'</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix search emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP '.*emacs.*'</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix search nixpkgs emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
|Show package description
|Show package description
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  /nix/store/ji06y4haijly0i0knmr986l2dajffv1p-emacs-24.4/bin/emacs-24.4</syntaxhighlight>
  /nix/store/ji06y4haijly0i0knmr986l2dajffv1p-emacs-24.4/bin/emacs-24.4</syntaxhighlight>
then
then
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$du -a /nix/store/ji06y4haijly0i0knmr986l2dajffv1p-emacs-24.4</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ du -a /nix/store/ji06y4haijly0i0knmr986l2dajffv1p-emacs-24.4</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console"></syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console"></syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
|Show package for file
|Show package for file
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|follow the symlink or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">nix-locate /bin/emacs</syntaxhighlight> (requires <syntaxhighlight lang="console">nix-index</syntaxhighlight> package)
|follow the symlink or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-locate /bin/emacs</syntaxhighlight> (requires <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-index</syntaxhighlight> package)
|(same)
|(same)
|-
|-
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| Enable a service
| Enable a service
| <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo systemctl enable apache</syntaxhighlight>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo systemctl enable apache</syntaxhighlight>
| In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix, add <syntaxhighlight lang="console">services.tor.enable = true;</syntaxhighlight>, then run <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
| In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix, add <syntaxhighlight lang="nix">services.tor.enable = true;</syntaxhighlight>, then run <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
| Disable a service
| Disable a service
| <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo systemctl disable apache</syntaxhighlight>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo systemctl disable apache</syntaxhighlight>
| In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix, add <syntaxhighlight lang="console">services.tor.enable = false;</syntaxhighlight>, then run <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
| In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix, add <syntaxhighlight lang="nix">services.tor.enable = false;</syntaxhighlight>, then run <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
|Where your log files live
|Where your log files live
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|Adding a user
|Adding a user
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo adduser alice</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo adduser alice</syntaxhighlight>
|Add <syntaxhighlight lang="nix">users.users.alice =
|Add <syntaxhighlight lang="nix">users.users.alice = {
{ isNormalUser = true;
  isNormalUser = true;
  home = "/home/alice";
  home = "/home/alice";
  description = "Alice Foobar";
  description = "Alice Foobar";
  extraGroups = [ "wheel" "networkmanager" ];
  extraGroups = [ "wheel" "networkmanager" ];
  openssh.authorizedKeys.keys =
  openssh.authorizedKeys.keys =
      [ "ssh-dss AAAAB3Nza... alice@foobar" ];
    [ "ssh-dss AAAAB3Nza... alice@foobar" ];
};</syntaxhighlight> to /etc/nixos/configuration.nix and then call <syntaxhighlight lang="nix">nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
};</syntaxhighlight> to /etc/nixos/configuration.nix and then call <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nixos-rebuild switch</syntaxhighlight>
|
|
|-
|-
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|List binaries
|List binaries
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls /usr/bin/</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls /usr/bin/</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls /run/current-system/sw/bin &&\
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls /run/current-system/sw/bin && \
ls /nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin/</syntaxhighlight>
  ls /nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin/</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls ~/.nix-profile/bin</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ ls ~/.nix-profile/bin</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|Get sources for a package
|Get sources for a package
|<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">$ sudo apt-get source emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo apt-get source emacs</syntaxhighlight>
|
|
|In Debian, apt-get source gets both the patched upstream source and the recipe for the package. Those need two steps in Nix.
|In Debian, apt-get source gets both the patched upstream source and the recipe for the package. Those need two steps in Nix.


To find the package's attribute path: <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP emacs</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nox emacs</syntaxhighlight>
To find the package's attribute path: <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-env -qaP emacs</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nox emacs</syntaxhighlight>
To download the source as specified by the package recipe: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs.src</syntaxhighlight>
To download the source as specified by the package recipe: <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs.src</syntaxhighlight>
The patched source is usually not a derivation itself, but can be produced for most packages with the following command: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs\
The patched source is usually not a derivation itself, but can be produced for most packages with the following command: <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A emacs \
  --command 'unpackPhase; cd $sourceRoot; patchPhase'</syntaxhighlight>
  --command 'unpackPhase; cd $sourceRoot; patchPhase'</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">git clone foobar
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ git clone foobar
cat >default.nix <<EOF
$ cat > default.nix <<EOF
with import <nixpkgs> { };
with import <nixpkgs> { };
lib.overrideDerivation foobar (oldAttrs : {
lib.overrideDerivation foobar (oldAttrs : {
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})
})
EOF
EOF
nix-build</syntaxhighlight>
$ nix-build</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
|Install a binary package
|Install a binary package
|
|
|  
|  
|e.g. via [https://github.com/Mic92/nix-ld#nix-ld nix-ld]  
|e.g. via [https://github.com/nix-community/nix-ld#nix-ld nix-ld]  
|-
|-
|Install a .deb
|Install a .deb
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo dpkg -i package.deb</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ sudo dpkg -i package.deb</syntaxhighlight>
|
|
|Install dpkg with Nix, then <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">dpkg -i package.deb</syntaxhighlight> While this is technically possible it will in all likelihood not work.
|Install dpkg with Nix, then <syntaxhighlight lang="console">$ dpkg -i package.deb</syntaxhighlight> While this is technically possible it will in all likelihood not work.
|}
|}
</div>


</div>
== See also ==
 
* [[Cheatsheet]]
* https://nixcademy.com/cheatsheet/
** https://nixcademy.com/downloads/cheatsheet.pdf
 
[[Category:Cookbook]]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Ubuntu_vs._NixOS"