NixOS Installation Guide: Difference between revisions

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== Making the installation media ==
== Making the installation media ==


Since NixOS 14.11 the installer ISO is hybrid. This means it is bootable on both CD and USB drives. It also boots on EFI systems, like most modern motherboards and Mac* systems. Please read the [[#Hybrid image]] section on how to burn the ISO.
Since NixOS 14.11 the installer ISO is hybrid. This means it is bootable on both CD and USB drives. It also boots on EFI systems, like most modern motherboards and apple systems. The following instructions will assume the standard way of copying the image to an USB drive. When using a CD or DVD, the usual methods to burn to disk should work with the iso.


For NixOS 14.04 and earlier, please read [[#Using Unetbootin]] and the other sections below.
=== "Burning" to USB drive ===


=== Hybrid image ===
First, download a [http://nixos.org/nixos/download.html NixOS ISO image] or [[Creating a Nix OS live CD|create a custom ISO]]. Then plug in a USB stick large enough to accommodate the image. Then follow the platform instructions:
{{Note|This section applies to NixOS 14.11. For NixOS 14.04, please refer to [[#Using Unetbootin]].}}


First, download a [http://nixos.org/nixos/download.html NixOS ISO image] or [[Creating a Nix OS live CD|create a custom ISO]]. Then plug in a USB stick large enough to accomodate the image. Then follow the platform instructions:
==== From Linux ====


On Linux:
# Find the right device with <code>lsblk</code> or <code>fdisk -l</code>. Replace <code><i>/dev/sdX</i></code> with the proper device in the following steps.
# Find the right device with <code>fdisk -l</code>, let's say <code>/dev/sdb</code>.
# Burn with: <code>cp nixos-xxx.iso <em>/dev/sdX</em></code>
# Burn with: <code>cp nixos-xxx.iso /dev/sdb</code>
{{Note|do not use /dev/sdb1 or partitions of the disk, use the whole disk /dev/sdb.}}


On OS X:
{{note|do not use /dev/sdX1 or partitions of the disk, use the whole disk /dev/sdX.}}
# Find the right device with <code>diskutil list</code>, let's say <code>disk<b>2</b></code>.
 
# Unmount with <code>diskutil unmountDisk disk<b>2</b></code>.
Writing the disk image with <code>dd</code> also works.
# Burn with: <code>sudo dd if=<b>path_to_nixos.iso</b> of=/dev/<b>r</b>disk<b>2</b> bs=64k</code>
 
# Note the use of rdisk instead of disk, this makes a large speed difference. You can check the write speed with <code>iostat 2</code> in another terminal.
==== From macOS ====
{{outdated:inline|Instructions are not verified to be working as of 2017-11-25, it is most likely they work, please remove this warning when tested.}}
 
# Find the right device with <code>diskutil list</code>, let's say <code><i>diskX</i></code>.
# Unmount with <code>diskutil unmountDisk <i>diskX</i></code>.
# Burn with: <code>sudo dd if=<b>path_to_nixos.iso</b> of=/dev/<b>r</b><i>diskX</i> bs=64k</code>
 
{{note|Use <code>rdisk</code> instead of <code>disk</code>, this makes a large speed difference. You can check the write speed with <code>iostat 2</code> in another terminal.}}


You could use Disk Utility to write the image but then you'd need to convert it first to a compatible format somehow.
You could use Disk Utility to write the image but then you'd need to convert it first to a compatible format somehow.


On Windows:
==== From Windows ====
{{outdated:inline|Instructions are not verified to be working as of 2017-11-25, it is most likely they work, please remove this warning when tested.}}
 
# Download [http://sourceforge.net/projects/usbwriter/ USBwriter].
# Download [http://sourceforge.net/projects/usbwriter/ USBwriter].
# Start USBwriter.
# Start USBwriter.
Line 53: Line 59:
# When USBwriter has finished writing, safely unplug the USB drive.
# When USBwriter has finished writing, safely unplug the USB drive.


This should suffice to boot the installer. Otherwise look for other alternatives below.
=== Alternative installation media instructions ===
 
=== UEFI note ===
 
The below is for BIOS installation. For UEFI installation see [http://nixos.org/nixos/manual/#sec-uefi-installation the manual].
 
=== Using Unetbootin ===
 
See → [[NixOS_Installation_Guide/Unetbootin]]
 
=== Using syslinux ===
 
==== Using syslinux.cfg ====
 
If you have trouble booting from a USB drive or sdcard with Unetbootin (I just got a blinking cursor instead of a bootloader on an Asus eee 1000) the procedure described on http://knoppix.net/wiki/Bootable_USB_Key should work. After preparing the sdcard with mkdiskimage and syslinux you can mount it and copy all the content from the NixOS iso:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
$ mount -o loop ~/Downloads/nixos-graphical-0.1pre27337-i686-linux.iso /media/iso
$ rsync -av --progress /media/iso/ /media/sd-card/
</syntaxhighlight>
 
The syslinux.cfg needs to be created manually, but the details can easily be derived from the grub.cfg on the NixOS install cd.
 
I specified the root device by UUID, to get the UUID:
 
<pre>
blkid /dev/mmcblk0p1
</pre>
 
The relevant section from the live cd: /media/sd-card/boot/grub/grub.cfg
 
<pre>
menuentry "NixOS Installer / Rescue" {
  linux /boot/bzImage init=/nix/store/r7xhnzymi1ll49r4glf1dwr5y1alx0bl-system/init root=LABEL=NIXOS_INSTALL_CD_0.1pre27337 splash=verbose vga=0x317
  initrd /boot/initrd
}
</pre>
 
can be used in the syslinux config file: /media/sd-card/syslinux.cfg (you should just need to update the init path and the root UUID / LABEL or device path)
 
<pre>
DEFAULT linux
LABEL linux
  SAY Now booting the kernel from SYSLINUX...
  KERNEL /boot/bzImage
  APPEND init=/nix/store/r7xhnzymi1ll49r4glf1dwr5y1alx0bl-system/init root=UUID=509C-63E2 ro initrd=/boot/initrd splash=verbose
</pre>
 
'''Note''': in place of using mkdiskimage, you can simply format your SDCard as a fat32 system and install syslinux on it:
 
<pre>
mkdosfs -F32 /dev/mmcblk0p1
syslinux -s /dev/mmcblk0p1
</pre>
 
=== Using Command-line Tools ===
 
<ol>
<li>Download the ISO image from http://nixos.org/nixos/download.html.</li>
 
<li>Prepare your USB stick. If it isn't yet partitioned to your liking, create a bootable partition on <code>/dev/sdb1</code>:
 
<pre>
fdisk /dev/sdb
</pre>
 
And format it with:
 
<pre>
mkdosfs /dev/sdb1
</pre>
 
Add ext2 partitions if you like. If you want both 32-bit and 64-bit NixOS, you need at least two partitions.  You can directly use the entire disk without partition if that's what you like.  Once you have your VFAT (dosfs) block device, you should give it a label, within a 11-character limit, e.g.:
 
<pre>
dosfslabel /dev/sdb1 NIXBOOT
</pre>
</li>
 
<li>Mount the bootable USB partition with:
 
<pre>
mkdir -p /media/NIXBOOT
mount /dev/sdb1 /media/NIXBOOT
</pre>
</li>
 
<li>Mount the ISO image with:
 
<pre>
mkdir -p /media/iso
mount -o loop ~/Downloads/nixos-graphical-0.2pre4463_5e88e9b-c877f45-x86_64-linux.iso /media/iso
</pre>
</li>
 
<li>Copy the contents of the NixOS ISO (<code>/media/iso</code>) to your USB stick (<code>/media/NIXBOOT</code>) with:
 
<pre>
rsync -av --progress /media/iso/ /media/NIXBOOT/
</pre>
</li>
 
<li>Install a complete and recent GRUB to the USB stick with:
 
<pre>
grub-install /dev/sdb --root-directory=/media/NIXBOOT/
</pre>
</li>
 
<li>Edit the file <code>/media/NIXBOOT/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>. Start from an existing grub.cfg, say from your hard drive or from another working bootable USB stick (e.g., from GRML.org). Then, merge in the entry for NixOS from <code>/media/iso/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>, modifying the LABEL to be that of your VFAT partition:


<pre>
The previous methods are the supported methods of making the USB installation media.
menuentry "NixOS Installer / Rescue" {
  linux /boot/bzImage init=/nix/store/p94ckcksmhj90cr868cpcajrqgzwy57w-nixos-0.2pre4463_5e88e9b-c877f45/init root=LABEL=NIXBOOT
  initrd /boot/initrd
}
</pre>
</li>


<li>To share your USB stick with other distributions (e.g., GRML, or both 32- and 64- bit NixOS), you can move NixOS's bzImage and initrd to different location (e.g., <code>/boot/nix32/</code> and <code>/boot/nix64/</code>), and you appropriately edit the entries in your grub.cfg. If you have both nix32 and nix64, only one can have its <code>nix-store.squashfs</code> in the root of any given partition.  That's where you can use a second partition, for the second one. For instance, copy the contents of your 64-bit NixOS to the first partition, with label <code>NIX64</code>, and copy the nix-store.squashfs of your 32-bit NixOS to the second partition with label <code>NIX32</code> (and create an empty nix/store). Copy the 32-bit kernel and initrd to <code>/boot/nix32/</code> on the bootable partition, and edit the grub.cfg of the bootable partition accordingly.</li>
Those methods are also documented, they can allow using the USB drive to boot multiple distributions. This is not supported, your mileage may vary.


<li>There you go: you have a bootable NixOS USB drive, possibly allowing you to boot NixOS 64-bit, NixOS 32-bit, GRML 64-bit, GRML 32-bit, FreeBSD, FreeDOS, boot-sector-tetris, etc. Just you convince your BIOS to let you boot off it.</li>
* [[NixOS_Installation_Guide/Unetbootin|Using Unetbootin]]
</ol>
* [[NixOS_Installation_Guide/Manual USB Creation|Manual USB Creation]]


== Build a custom installation image ==
== Build a custom installation image ==

Revision as of 23:07, 25 November 2017

This guide is a companion guide for the official manual. In addition to describing the steps from the official manual, it provides known good instructions for common use cases. When there is a discrepancy between the manual and this guide, the supported case is the one described in the manual.

Use this guide as a step-by-step guide, choices will be presented, use only the selected section, and continue at the section it tells you to at the end.

Installation target

NixOS can be installed on an increasing variety of hardware, including the usual x86-type hardware.

  1. A regular (Intel or AMD) desktop computer, laptop, or physically accessible server can follow the instructions in this page
  2. SBCs, like the Raspberry Pis, and other ARM boards can follow the instructions at NixOS on ARM
  3. Cloud and remote servers will find various instructions at NixOS friendly hosters

Installation method

NixOS, as with most Linux-based operating systems, can be installed in different ways.

  1. The classic way, booting from the installation media (described in this page)
  2. Booting the media from an existing Linux installation


Making the installation media

Since NixOS 14.11 the installer ISO is hybrid. This means it is bootable on both CD and USB drives. It also boots on EFI systems, like most modern motherboards and apple systems. The following instructions will assume the standard way of copying the image to an USB drive. When using a CD or DVD, the usual methods to burn to disk should work with the iso.

"Burning" to USB drive

First, download a NixOS ISO image or create a custom ISO. Then plug in a USB stick large enough to accommodate the image. Then follow the platform instructions:

From Linux

  1. Find the right device with lsblk or fdisk -l. Replace /dev/sdX with the proper device in the following steps.
  2. Burn with: cp nixos-xxx.iso /dev/sdX
Note: do not use /dev/sdX1 or partitions of the disk, use the whole disk /dev/sdX.

Writing the disk image with dd also works.

From macOS

Template:Outdated:inline

  1. Find the right device with diskutil list, let's say diskX.
  2. Unmount with diskutil unmountDisk diskX.
  3. Burn with: sudo dd if=path_to_nixos.iso of=/dev/rdiskX bs=64k
Note: Use rdisk instead of disk, this makes a large speed difference. You can check the write speed with iostat 2 in another terminal.

You could use Disk Utility to write the image but then you'd need to convert it first to a compatible format somehow.

From Windows

Template:Outdated:inline

  1. Download USBwriter.
  2. Start USBwriter.
  3. Choose the downloaded ISO as 'Source'
  4. Choose the USB drive as 'Target'
  5. Click 'Write'
  6. When USBwriter has finished writing, safely unplug the USB drive.

Alternative installation media instructions

The previous methods are the supported methods of making the USB installation media.

Those methods are also documented, they can allow using the USB drive to boot multiple distributions. This is not supported, your mileage may vary.

Build a custom installation image

NixOS provides an easy way to build a custom variant of the installation image. This might be useful to embed your own ssh key or enable additional features like zfs support. It allows to specify a custom configuration.nix which is used to build the image This is explained in Creating a NixOS live CD.

Installing on VPS & Cloud Providers

→ See NixOS friendly hosters

Special hardware

  • Blog post how to install NixOS on a Dell 9560
  • for embedded Hardware like the Raspberry Pi2 see NixOS on ARM
  • Brand servers may require extra kernel modules be included into initrd (boot.initrd.extraKernelModules in configuration.nix) For example HP Proliant needs "hpsa" module to see the disk drive.
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