The VisionFive 2 is a single board computer (SBC) that uses a RISC-V processor with an integrated GPU. It supports Linux operating system and various multimedia features, such as 4K video decoding and OpenGL ES 3.212.

Status

NixOS runs well on the Visionfive 2 with the current nixos-hardware module https://github.com/NixOS/nixos-hardware/tree/master/starfive/visionfive/v2 (used in the example below); this module bundles an older StarFive custom Linux kernel https://github.com/starfive-tech/linux and its custom firmware for the time being.

However, this setup needs to be updated, build and tested separately from the other NixOS Linux kernel variations, which is a large, unmaintainable burden for the NixOS community when the VisionFive 2 board is not the only supported SoC; so we don't want that.

Instead we just want to maintain the generic, mainline "upstream" Linux kernel for all RISCV baords.

Luckily, the Visionfive 2 developers have pushed their Linux kernel patches quite early to the upstream mainline kernel and have gotten almost all merged already.

See https://rvspace.org/en/project/JH7110_Upstream_Plan for an overview of what device is supported in which Linux kernel version.

NixOS (more precisely nixpkgs) already has the generic Linux kernel 6.9 available, which supports almost everything you need out of the box (for a server as HDMI display patches haven't been merged into 6.9). This means NixOS should be able to run without a custom kernel once https://github.com/NixOS/nixos-hardware/pull/958 is merged.

Also the NixOS version of the popular boot-loader U-Boot, used by this board, has already received all required patches to fully support this board out-of-the-box.

Building a SD-card image

VisionFive 2
Manufacturer	StarFive
Architecture	RISC-V
Bootloader	Custom or UEFI
Boot order	Configurable; SD, USB, Netboot
Maintainer	onny
VisionFive 2
SoC	JH7110

This example assumes you have the latest revision of the board (v1.3) with 8GB memory. For other configurations please consult the nixos-hardware documentation on this board. First create this Flake file

flake.nix

{
  inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-23.11";
  inputs.nixos-hardware.url = "github:nixos/nixos-hardware";

  # Some dependencies of this flake are not yet available on non linux systems
  inputs.systems.url = "github:nix-systems/x86_64-linux";
  inputs.flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
  inputs.flake-utils.inputs.systems.follows = "systems";

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, nixos-hardware, flake-utils, ... }:
    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system:
      rec {
        packages.default = packages.sd-image;
        packages.sd-image = (import "${nixpkgs}/nixos" {
          configuration =
            { config, ... }: {
              imports = [
                "${nixos-hardware}/starfive/visionfive/v2/sd-image-installer.nix"
              ];

              # If you want to use ssh set a password
              users.users.nixos.password = "test123";
              # OR add your public ssh key
              # users.users.nixos.openssh.authorizedKeys.keys = [ "ssh-rsa ..." ];

              # AND configure networking
              networking.interfaces.end0.useDHCP = true;
              networking.interfaces.end1.useDHCP = true;

              # Additional configuration goes here

              hardware.deviceTree.overlays = [{
                name = "8GB-patch";
                dtsFile = "${nixos-hardware}/starfive/visionfive/v2/8gb-patch.dts";
              }];

              sdImage.compressImage = false;

              nixpkgs.crossSystem = {
                config = "riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu";
                system = "riscv64-linux";
              };

              system.stateVersion = "23.11";
            };
          inherit system;
        }).config.system.build.sdImage;
      });
}

Run following command to build the SD-card image

nix build .#

After successfull build, flash the resulting file in the directory results/sd-image to the target device, in this example the SD-card (/dev/mmcblk*). Note that everything on the target device gets erased.

dd if=result/sd-image/nixos-sd-image-23.11pre-git-riscv64-linux-starfive-visionfive2.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 status=progress

Usage

The board has "boot mode pins", from which we can control what device should be booted from.

See official documentation https://doc-en.rvspace.org/VisionFive2/Quick_Start_Guide/VisionFive2_SDK_QSG/boot_mode_settings.html .

First enable booting from SD-card by setting jumper 1 and 2 to "FLASH/QSPI mode" (both QSPI and SDIO mode support booting from an SD card):

For UART access, wire GND (black), RX (blue) and TX (purple) to your adapter

Update board firmware

sudo visionfive2-firmware-update-flash

Bootstrap NixOS system configuration at /etc/nixos/configuration.nix

nixos-generate-config

Using the Visionfive 2 as a remote builder to build native RISCV packages for e.g. the Visionfive 2

Building an NixOS system image that can be flashed to an SD card or NVMe SSD requires to build RISCV binaries, more specifically for the "riscv64-linux"platform. From a typical Intel/AMD computer we can either

emulated native compile using QEMU virtualization by enabling the binfmt kernel feature on NixOS configuration setting boot.binfmt.emulatedSystems = [ "riscv64-linux" ];). This can be fast if everything is downloaded pre-compiled from the cache.nixos.org cache (not supported yet though) and only few packages really need local compilation. In reality it can be extremely slow, e.g. compiling a Linux kernel alone can take days.
cross-compile to RISCV from another (e.g. "x86_64-linux) machine using the setup in the example above. However very few packages will be cached from cache.nixos.org as cross-compiled packages are less likely to be pre-build than native compiled. So the compile itself is fast but there will be a lot more to compile locally. In practice this can be quite fragile, because you may encounter packages that don't really support cross-compilation get stuck.
native compile on an remote builder like the Visionfive 2 itself running its custom Debian Linux at the beginning or later NixOS. This is quite simple to setup and reasonably fast as most packages can be pre-build and cached on cache.nixos.org, and building a remaining Linux kernel only takes 3h on the Visionfive 2.

Setting up the Visionfive 2 as a remote native builder can be done following the steps at https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Distributed_build. The rough steps are as follows:

Install the Nix package manager on Visionfive 2 Debian OS the normal, multi-user way with sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon. If you already have NixOS running on the Visionfive 2, then you can skip this step.
Setup a ssh connection from your local machine to the Visionfive 2, especially adding SetEnv PATH=/nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin to the Pi's /etc/ssh/sshd_config file. If you already have NixOS running on the Visionfive 2, then you can skip this step.
Make the remote Visionfive 2 known to you local computer by adding it as a nix.buildMachines entry to your /etc/nix/configuration.nix file and use connection protocol ssh-ng(!).
You can then build, e.g. an NixOS sd card image with a call similar to nix build .\#nixosConfigurations.visionfive2.config.system.build.sdImage
flash that resulting image onto an SD card or NVMe SSD using a call similar to zstdcat result/sd-image/nixos-sd-image-23.11.20230703.ea4c80b-riscv64-linux.img.zst | sudo dd of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=100M status=progress and place that card into the Visionfive 2.

Deploy and Update the Visionfive 2 NixOS system once it's running NixOS

Once the Pi 5 is running NixOS, you can update it with newer NixOS system configurations using e.g. the usual nix-rebuild

tool with a call similar to

nixos-rebuild --flake .#visionfive2 --build-host piuser@visionfive2 --target-host piuser@visionfive2 --use-remote-sudo switch

that uses the SSH connection from the remote builder section.

See this guide for a good explanation of this terminal call.