NixOS安裝指南

這份指南是對官方手冊的一份參考指南. 它講述了把NixOS作為完整作業系統的安裝過程. 為了在一個已存在的作業系統內安裝Nix, 請見Nix安裝指南.

除了講述官方手冊上的步驟, 它還提供了用於常見使用場景的已知良好指導.When there is a discrepancy between the manual and this guide, the supported case is the one described in the manual.當官方手冊和這份指南之間出現矛盾時, 以官方手冊中描述的情況為準.

Use this guide as a step-by-step guide, choices will be presented, use only the selected section, and continue at the section it tells you to at the end. 把這份指南當作逐步操作指南使用. 出現不同選擇時, 只使用選定的部分, 並在這部分的結尾按照它的指示前進.

安裝目標

NixOS可以安裝在越來越多種類的硬體上:

常規(Intel或AMD)台式機, 筆記本電腦, 或是物理可訪問的伺服器, 該頁面包含了它們
單板計算機(如樹莓派)和其他ARM主板, 見 NixOS on ARM
雲伺服器和遠程伺服器, 見 NixOS friendly hosters

Installation method

NixOS, as with most Linux-based operating systems, can be installed in different ways.

The classic way, booting from the installation media. (Described below.)
Booting the media from an existing Linux installation

Making the installation media

Since NixOS 14.11 the installer ISO is hybrid. This means it is bootable on both CD and USB drives. It also boots on EFI systems, like most modern motherboards and apple systems. The following instructions will assume the standard way of copying the image to a USB drive. When using a CD or DVD, the usual methods to burn to disk should work with the iso.

"Burning" to USB drive

First, download a NixOS ISO image or create a custom ISO. Then plug in a USB stick large enough to accommodate the image. Then follow the platform instructions:

From Linux

Find the right device with lsblk or fdisk -l. Replace /dev/sdX with the proper device in the following steps.
Copy to device: cp nixos-xxx.iso /dev/sdX

Note: do not use /dev/sdX1 or partitions of the disk, use the whole disk /dev/sdX.

Writing the disk image with dd if=nixos.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress conv=fdatasync also works.

From macOS

Find the right device with diskutil list, let's say diskX.
Unmount with diskutil unmountDisk diskX.
Burn with: sudo dd if=path_to_nixos.iso of=/dev/diskX

Tip

Using rdiskX instead of diskX can makes a large speed difference. You can check the write speed with iostat 2 in another terminal.

From Windows

Download USBwriter.
Start USBwriter.
Choose the downloaded ISO as 'Source'
Choose the USB drive as 'Target'
Click 'Write'
When USBwriter has finished writing, safely unplug the USB drive.

Alternative installation media instructions

The previous methods are the supported methods of making the USB installation media.

Those methods are also documented, they can allow using the USB drive to boot multiple distributions. This is not supported, your mileage may vary.

Booting the installation media

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Since the installation media is hybrid, it will boot both in legacy bios mode and UEFI mode.

Whatever mode is used to boot the installation media, your motherboard or computer's configuration may need to be changed to allow booting from a Optical Disk Drive (for CD/DVD) or an external USB drive.

Legacy bios boot

This is the only boot possible on machines lacking EFI/UEFI.

UEFI boot

The EFI bootloader of the installation media is not signed and is not using a signed shim to boot. This means that Secure Boot will need to be disabled to boot.

Connecting to the internet

The installation will definitely need a working internet connection. It is possible to install without one, but the available set of packages is limited.

Wired

For network interfaces supported by the kernel, DHCP resolution should already have happened once the shell is available.

Tethered (Internet Sharing)

If you can not connect to the internet via cable or wifi, you may use smartphone's tethering capability to share internet. Depending on your smartphones capabilities, only stock kernel drivers may be required which can help providing a working network connection.

Wireless

Network Manager is installed on the graphical ISO, meaning that it is possible to use nmtui on the command line to connect to a network.

Using the "Applications" tab at top left or the launcher bar at bottom, choose a terminal application and from there launch nmtui. This will allow you to 'activate' a (wireless) connection - your local SSIDs should be visible in the list, else you can add a new connection. When the wireless connection is active and you have tested it, it is likely the install app which launched on startup has not detected the new connection. Close down the install app, and reopen it from the launcher bar at the bottom of the screen. This should then find the new connection and proceed.

On the minimal ISO, or if you are more familiar with wpa_supplicant then you can also run wpa_passphrase ESSID | sudo tee /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf, then enter your password and systemctl restart wpa_supplicant.

Partitioning

To partition the persistent storage run sudo fdisk /dev/diskX and follow instructions for DOS or (U)EFI. A very simple example setup is given here.

DOS

o (dos disk label)
n new
p primary (4 primary in total)
1 (partition number [1/4])
2048 first sector (alignment for performance)
+500M last sector (boot sector size)
rm signature (Y), if ex. => warning of overwriting existing system, could use wipefs
n
p
2
default (fill up partition)
default (fill up partition)
w (write)

UEFI

g (gpt disk label)
n
1 (partition number [1/128])
2048 first sector
+500M last sector (boot sector size)
t
1 (EFI System)
n
2
default (fill up partition)
default (fill up partition)
w (write)

Label partitions

This is useful for having multiple setups and makes partitions easier to handle

$ lsblk
$ sudo mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/sdX1
$ sudo fatlabel /dev/sdX1 NIXBOOT
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX2 -L NIXROOT
$ sudo mount /dev/disk/by-label/NIXROOT /mnt
$ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/boot
$ sudo mount /dev/disk/by-label/NIXBOOT /mnt/boot

Swap file

$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/.swapfile bs=1024 count=2097152 (2GB size)
$ sudo chmod 600 /mnt/.swapfile
$ sudo mkswap /mnt/.swapfile
$ sudo swapon /mnt/.swapfile

NixOS config

$ sudo nixos-generate-config --root /mnt
$ cd /mnt/etc/nixos/
$ sudo vim configuration.nix

Most essential changes:

keyboard layout, ie services.xserver.xkb.layout
users.users.user with adding entry initialPassword = "pw123";
networking (wifi), see below for fix if it breaks
boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda"; #or "nodev" for efi only
install editor to edit the configuration
change hardware config to use labels

The self-documenting NixOS options can be searched with NixOS options search.

NixOS installation

$ cd /mnt
$ sudo nixos-install

after installation: Run passwd to change user password.

if internet broke/breaks, try one of the following:

$ nixos-rebuild switch --option substitute false # no downloads
$ nixos-rebuild switch --option binary-caches "" # no downloads

wpa_supplicant flags to connect to wifi

Additional notes for specific hardware

These are collected notes or links for specific hardware issues.

Blog post how to install NixOS on a Dell 9560
Brand servers may require extra kernel modules be included into initrd (boot.initrd.extraKernelModules in configuration.nix) For example HP Proliant needs "hpsa" module to see the disk drive.